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12.1. ISSN
In addition to the International
Standard Book Number system, a numbering system for serial publications
has also been established, called the International Standard Serial Number
(ISSN), ISO 3297:1998.
A serial is defined as any publication issued in successive parts, usually
bearing numerical or chronological designations and intended to be continued
indefinitely. Serials include periodicals, year-books, and monographic series.
The ISSN is administered by the International Centre for the Registration
of Serials:
ISSN INTERNATIONAL Centre
20, rue Bachaumont
75002 Paris, FRANCE
Tel: (+33 1) 44 88 22 20
Fax: (+33 1) 40 26 32 43
e-mail: issnic@issn.org
URL: http://www.issn.org
Publishers of serials should apply to the International ISSN Centre
or to their national ISSN centre, if there is one, for ISSN for their serial
publications.
Certain publications, such as year-books, annuals, monographic series, etc,
should be assigned an ISSN for the serial title (which will remain the same
for all the parts or individual volumes of the serial) and an ISBN for each
individual volume.
If ISBN and ISSN are assigned to a publication they must be both clearly
identified.
12.2.
ISMN
The ISMN identifies all printed
music publications, whether available for sale, hire, or gratis – whether
a part, a score, or an element in a multi-media kit.
It consists of four elements comprising ten digits:
A constant «M», to distinguish it from other standard numbers,
a publisher's prefix which identifies a certain music publisher, a title
number which identifies a certain publication, a check digit which is calculated
on a modulus 10 with alternating weight of 3 and 1 assigned from left to
right beginning with the letter M prefix. The letter M counts as 3. The
ISMN may be integrated into the international 13-digit bar code, by using
the prefix 979 followed by the complete ISMN, including the check digit.
M is assigned the numeric value of zero (0) for bar code purposes. Sometimes
it is difficult to decide whether a publication (such as a song book, a
hymnal, an album with extensive textual or illustrative material) is a music
edition, a "normal" book, or both. In these cases both an ISMN
and an ISBN may be assigned.
The ISMN is administered by:
International ISMN Agency
Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
-Preußischer Kulturbesitz-
D-10772 Berlin, Germany
Tel: (+49 30) 266-2496, 266-2498
Fax: (+49 30) 266-2378
e-mail: ismn@sbb.spk-berlin.de
12.3.
ISRC
The International Standard Recording
Code (ISRC) is the standard international identifier for a sound recording.
It numbers each recording of a piece (not the physical item), regardless
of the context or carrier on which it is issued.
An ISRC consists of 12 digits and comprises four elements: country code,
first owner code, year, recording code.
Example: ISRC DE P55 97 00001
The ISRC system is administered by IFPI, the International Federation of
the Phonographic Industry:
IFPI Secretariat
54, Regent Street
London, WR 5 PJ
GB-England
Tel: (+44 171) 8787900
Fax: (+44 171) 8787950
e-mail: info@ifpi.org
URL: http://www.ifpi.org
12.4.
ISWC
The International Standard Work
Code (ISWC) specifies a means of uniquely identifying intellectual property,
such as musical and literary works, of the kinds which are within repertoires
controlled by members of CISAC (The International Confederation of Societies
of Authors and Composers). It standardises and promotes internationally
the use of standard codes so that intellectual properties can be uniquely
distinguished from one another within computer databases and related documentation.
It is thus indispensable for copyright management. For practical purposes
the ISWC is developed in two phases which will eventually lead to two separate
standards, one for musical works, and one for textual works. Therefore ISWC
now refers exclusivly to musical works, and the acronym is interpreted as
International Standard Musical Work Code.
The ISWC identifies a creation, not its physical manifestations.
Example: Mozart's Zauberflöte (Magical Flute) would be eligible
for an ISWC to identify this work. The many printed scores would qualify
for ISMNs, the libretti and their translations for ISBNs while a video of
a performance would receive an ISAN; a sound recording of the opera would
be eligible for an ISRC.
ISWC is still (2000) an ISO work item (ISO DIS 15707), in spite of the fact
that it is already in its first stage of implementation for rights management
purposes.
The ISWC consists of a letter T followed by nine digits and a numeric check
digit. It is administered by:
mcps
Elgar House
41 Streatham High Road
London SW 16 1 ER
Tel: (+44 181) 7694400
Fax: (+44 181) 7698792
12.5.
ISAN
The International Standard Audiovisual
Number (ISAN) is designed to fill a gap in the network of unique identifiers,
and it will link up with the ISRC. ISAN makes it possible for all rightholders
(authors, interpreters, producers) to identify the audiovisual work. It
does not make it possible to identify rightholders and their respective
shares. ISAN is applied to all audiovisual works. The term audiovisual work
means any work, consisting of an animated series of images, whether or not
it is accompanied by sound. ISAN is not intended to be applied to fixed
images or software packages.
ISAN is still (1998) an ISO work item. It is promoted by AGICOA and FIAPF.
The ISAN consists of an ISAN prefix, followed by 16 digits, the last one
of which is a check digit.
12.6
ISRN
Technical reports are identified
by the International Standard Report Number which is administered by:
Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe
D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
Fax: (+49 7247) 808135
e-mail: uk@fiz-karlsruhe.de
The ISRN is described in ISO 10444. An ISRN consists of a maximum of
36 alphanumeric characters. The four elements are: Report code, Sequential
group, Country code, Local suffix.
12.7.
DOI
The DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
has been created by the publishing industry in order to identify electronic
publications, especially in online form. Test partners were the Association
of American Publishers and R. R. Bowker Company, while the systems support
came from the Corporation for National Research Initiatives which developed
the Handle technology.
The organisation in charge of DOI is:
The International DOI Foundation
1718 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20009
USA
Tel.: 202-232-3335;
Fax: 202-745-0694
URL: http://www.doi.org
European address:
IPA
International Publishers' Association
Avenue de Miremont 3
1206 Genève
Tel: (+41 22) 3463018
Fax: (+41 22) 3475717
e-mail: secretariat@ipa-uie.org
URL: http://www.ipa-uie.org
DOI is compatible with
ISBN: It can integrate ISBN and other standard identifiers used by the publishing
industry.
Structure of a DOI:
| Registration Agency |
Registrant
|
Product
Identifier
|
Product
Identification
|
| (Directory Manager) |
|
|
|
| 10 |
1234 |
[ISBN] |
3922331163 |
Use of DOI
When would a DOI be applicable and when an ISBN? Both systems apply to electronic
publications.
- ISBN may be used to identify
any monographic publication, in whatever media.
- DOI may be used to identify
any online publication, disregarding its granularity: it may be a book-length
item, it may be the equivalent of a page.
- A special DOI feature is
its function as a permanent URL (Uniform Resource Locator); it does
not only identify the item but also points to the address of the item.
If the address changes, a directory provides the new address.
Therefore a publisher may want
to identify a monographic electronic publication by ISBN which fits into
his own and the libraries' bibliographic systems. He may also use a DOI
(with the given ISBN as an article identifier) for the convenience of permanently
identifying its location on the Internet.
Both this address function as well as its role in pinpointing online publications
for the purposes of copyright management make the DOI useful.
12.8
URN
URNs (Uniform Resource Names) are persistent identifiers
for information resources. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) launched
the initiative in 1996. by nominating a URN working group (http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/urn-charter.html).
As of October 1999 the group has almost completed its task; 8 URN-related
Internet standards have been issued, and the missing three ones are mature
drafts. It is expected that the URN standardisation will be completed soon.
URN is an umbrella system that can accommodate any existing identifier system,
including DOIs. Every URN consists of three parts: character sequence "urn:",
Namespace Identifier (NID) and Namespace specific string (NSS), as defined
in Internet standard RFC 2141. NSS contains an identifier, such as ISBN.
Namespace Identifier is a unique, registered name for the identifier system
used as URN. The global NID register will be maintained by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority, IANA (http://www.iana.org/)
as specified in Internet standard RFC 2611.
Internet standard RFC 2288 proves that ISBNs fit well into the URN system.
Technically URNs can be built from ISBNs easily. If the NID for ISBN will
be "ISBN", an ISBN-based URN will have the form urn:isbn:<isbn
string>. So, existing ISBNs can programmatically be augmented to URNs
by adding urn:isbn: in front of the existing ISBN. There is no additional
work involved in using ISBNs as URNs, with the exception that national ISBN
agencies should inform their customers about the existence of URN-based
services.
URNs will enable reliable Internet-based resolution services. It will be
possible to retrieve either the resource itself, it's description or a list
of URLs from which the document will be found. From users' point of view
URN utilisation will be easy: instead of typing URLs into their browsers'
Location: window, the future users can give URNs. This service will be based
on standard Internet services HTTP and Domain Name Service, DNS.
ISBN is a good starting point for creating URN-based resolution services.
While ISSN requires a global database for efficient resolution, ISBN resolution
can be decentralised into national bibliographies. Usually it will be easy
to point out the correct service - for instance, all ISBNs starting with
951 or 952 will be resolved in Finland. If there are more potential resolution
services, these can be specified into the Domain Name System. For instance,
ISBNs starting by number 3 will be resolved either in Germany, Austria or
Switzerland.
URNs can be applied for free; there is no need to pay to IETF or IANA for
using URNs. Creating URN resolution services will not be cost free, and
there is no political consensus on who will provide these services and on
which terms. However, national libraries have agreed to foster implementation
of the URN system, and it is possible that national bibliographic databases
will be important building blocks of the future URN resolution services.
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